April 2013 — Gender-based violence is commonly thought of as an issue affecting primarily women and girls; however, stigma, discrimination and violence are also expressed toward men who have sex with men, male sex workers and transgender individuals. This study examines gender-based violence in Bangladesh and Papua New Guinea and focuses on four types of violence reported in these countries — physical violence, sexual violence, verbal violence and other types of violence. The study found that some forms of violence were commonly experienced and perpetrated against sexual minorities from a wide variety of sources, including family members, sexual partners, transactional sex clients and community members.