The evolving HIV epidemic among people who inject drugs in India and the need for a heightened response (editorial)

India has 2.1 million people living with HIV infection, however HIV prevalence ratios are very low except in key populations most at risk for transmission. This editorial reviews a report of a large, 15-city, cross-sectional study of people who inject drugs (PWIDs) that revealed a severe, geographically and demographically evolving HIV epidemic among PWIDs. The authors believe strong data on size estimations of key populations and a better understanding of HIV transmission dynamics and the interventions that can improve the prevention, care, and treatment cascade can be used to guide investments for key population services.